Corruption

This is one of the hardest posts for me to write, partly due to the complexity and enormous scale of the problem here but also because this is Brazil’s single biggest problem and has the potential to bring the country to its knees – indeed, it is already coming close to that.  I imagined writing a post about this someday – preferably once I had really got to grips with the political system here and my Portuguese was good enough to understand all the subtle nuances – but current events are guiding my hand.

Corruption - dragging the country down

Corruption is not a new problem here, it dates back to colonial times, and doubtless came to Brazil along with the European settlers and immigrants.  It has become so endemic that some people have come to accept it as inevitable and permanent.  Sometimes, when you hear about a politician taking bribes, or money being diverted from where it is needed most, people say “uh, that’s just Brazil”, “all politicians are corrupt”, “what can we do about it?”, “it’ll never change”  and life continues as normal.  I think that this is a large contributor to the “complexo vira lata” or mutt-complex, a kind of pessimistic feeling of inferiority that some sociologists have identified in the Brazilian collective psyche. 

I am glad to say that this acceptance of corruption is gradually changing.  People are starting to realise that when corrupt politicians embezzle money or accept bribes to offer lucrative contracts to companies, it is their money that is being stolen, it is their schools, hospitals and public services that are suffering, it is their roads and infrastructure that are crumbling and going to waste.  In 2013, the giant awoke and millions of Brazilians from all over the country took to the streets to protest against the corruption that was surrounding preparations for the 2014 World Cup – an event that was supposed to be a showcase for this football-loving country.  Stadium construction was slow, new roads and railway lines that had been promised and paid for were not appearing (in their place, construction sites or, in some cases, nothing at all) money was being diverted from schools and hospitals and people had had enough.  Why should they host the World Cup at such a cost?

Operation Car Wash - uncovering more names

The latest scandal to embroil the government involves a massive ring of corruption involving the state-owned petroleum company, Petrobras.  A low level investigation into a car wash uncovered a huge network of corruption suspected of laundering more that R$10 billion (US$ 2.7 billion, as of March 2016) involving the several construction companies and politicians linked to Petrobras.  The investigation, known as Operação Lava Jato (operation car wash) has been ongoing since March 2014 and has led to the questioning and arrest of several executives of the companies and politicians.  Recently, former president Luíz Inácio Lula da Silva (commonly known as Lula) has been questioned by the Federal Police and, as of 11^th March 2016 prosecutors were seeking his arrest on suspicion of money laundering.

President Dilma and former Prisedent Lula

It has long been suspected that president Dilma Rousseff (who chaired the board of Petrobras from 2003 to 2010) and former president Lula must have been aware of this criminal activity, if not been actively involved, which has led to protests against them and their party, PT (Partido dos Trabalhadores – worker’s party – the party that has been in Government since 2003) calling for her impeachment.  This was complicated further when the leader of the Chamber of Deputies (lower house of the Congress,) who called for her impeachment, was investigated for receiving more than US$40 million in kickbacks and bribes.  The fall-out of this turned into a series of childish accusations between politicians, essentially accusing the opposing party of being more corrupt and hence in the wrong.  In addition, the party has rallied around Lula, attempting to make him a minister to offer him immunity from arrest.

"There will not be a coup, there will be justice"

This ill-feeling then spilled out to the supporters of the various parties involved.  A significant proportion of the population that are fed up of this corruption have come to associate it largely with PT, more specifically with president Dilma and former president Lula – a popular argument is that as chair of the board of Petrobras, Dilma must have at least been aware of the corruption, making her complicit, or if, as she claims, she was unaware of the corruption, then an incompetent CEO and president.  Supporters of PT, on the other hand, believe that the party has done no wrong and that the protestors are elitist and attempting a coup d'état to remove PT from office.  They point to allegations (proved or otherwise) of corruption in other parties as a bizarre justification of their support for PT.  This is one of the most perplexing issues of the whole debate – in the face of criminal investigations by the Federal Police and Judiciary, how can these people blindly follow and defend politicians without awaiting the conclusion of the investigations?  And more to the point, how can a political party attempt to divert a criminal investigation into one of their members?  By not distancing themselves from the accused and actively attempting to block the investigations, they only appear to be implicating themselves.

Protest in São Paulo

On Sunday 13^th March, a massive series of protests was held across several cities in Brazil; most notably in São Paulo and Brasilia, but in practically all major cities, even down to smaller cities like Pato Branco.  Estimates of the number of protestors vary, with claims of between 500,000 and 1.5 million in São Paulo and 1 million in Rio de Janeiro.  (It is practically impossible to obtain an accurate estimate as the numbers themselves tend to be used as political propaganda.)  The protestors, dressed in the green and yellow of Brazil and waving flags, were calling for ex-president Lula’s arrest, the impeachment of president Dilma and political reform. 

In response to PT’s accusations that the impeachment being sought and that these protests were a political coup d'état against the party, many protestors carried banners that called for an end to corruption from all parties, explicitly naming PT and PSDB (the largest opposition party.)  Indeed when Aecio Neves, the leader of PSDB what narrowly lost to Dilma in the 2014 election, and Geraldo Alckmin, Governor of São Paulo state, attended the protest in São Paulo, they were booed and soon left. 

So what was the result?  The honest answer, is that I don’t know.  The Lava Jato Investigation is ongoing, prosecutors are still seeking the arrest of Lula, PT are trying to make him a minister (thus immune to all investigations except by the Supreme Court – this doesn’t look suspicious at all…), social media is still full of people criticising PT, criticising PSDB, criticising supporters of PT, criticising supporters of PSDB (assumed and actual supporters) demanding an end to corruption, demanding more transparency…  As I said at the beginning of the post, corruption is Brazil’s single biggest problem and it won’t go away overnight.  But I, as well as a sizable majority of Brazilians, hope that the country is on the right path; that those involved in corruption will go to jail; that the political system will be reformed to increase transparency and thus reduce corruption; that the economy will improve and that this great country will finally realise its potential.

Protest in Brasilia with large inflatable Lula as a convict